efficient irrigation and fertilization systems.

2. Hard crust, which is created by the force of drops on 
    the soil.

Low droplet impact

The impact of drops falling on the soil surface exposes the clay layer, forming a hard crust.

This crust disrupts the uniform penetration of water, nutrients and pesticides. The crust also disrupts germination and constricts the young shoot, hindering its development and

affecting the yield.

The impact of drops can also cause pesticides and fertilizers to splash, leading to

an uneven pesticide concentration, which exposes the crop to pests and damage, and the

burning of plants.

Low droplet impact eliminates all of these problems. By using small droplets, sand,

pesticides and fertilizers do not splash onto the seedling, thus avoiding damage to the

plant and a negative effect on the yield quality and quantity.

Low droplet impact also allows germination irrigation in shallow beds, saving 20% of seed volume, without compromising emergence and uniformity.

Low application rate

 The application rate is the amount of water applied to a given area per hour. A low application rate (3-5 mm) enables better water movement in the soil, with lateral and aerated distribution, for an optimal growing bed in the root zone and optimal availability of water and nutrients to the plant. Lateral water movement leads to an improved water profile in the soil, with a particularly uniform wetted-aerated distribution. Particles envelop themselves in

water and leave aerated spaces between them, while drier spots draw water and increase the distribution values measured on the surface.

The low application rate also contributes to better control of the wetted and aerated depth

of the root zone in the required soil profile. Another added value of a low application

rate is the minimization of the influence of wind on distribution uniformity. The low

sprinkler flow enables irrigation of larger areas with one pulse, thus reducing the impact

of wind on the sprinklers' performance.

The combination of low sprinkler force and low application rate significantly contributes to:

1. Full and uniform germination of shallow seeds - no more flooding and shifting of seeds 
    with germination irrigation.

2. Clod-free and well crumbled bed structure - from preparation to harvest.

Irrigation frequency

Irrigation frequency is defined according to type of soil, crop and environmental conditions. As a general principle, frequent irrigation prevents stress caused by a surplus or deficient supply of water to the plant.

Surplus stress leads to saturated soil, soaked with water and lacking air, which results in low root activity. On the other hand, deficiency stress leads to dry soil, which causes the plant to expend energy on drawing water, at the expense of its development.

Preventing stress caused by a surplus or deficient water supply provides the plant with

optimal conditions for development and root activity. The soil profile remains consistently

wet and aerated, and water and nutrients are highly available.

Efficient irrigation with sprinkler systems also contributes to safeguarding the environment and to public health.

By implementing efficient irrigation principles with sprinkler and drip irrigation, much more is achieved for much less:

• The grower benefits from high-quality peak yields and higher revenue
• The landscaper benefits from greener, more attractive, better developed plants
•  All of us benefit from smart, efficient and economical use of water (saving up to 20%), seeds, fertilizers and pesticides, while complyinwith principles of sustainable agriculture

In both drip and sprinkler irrigation, efficient irrigation contributes to public health and ecological values. Irrigation based on these principles maintains a controlled wetted depth, which prevents leakage of pollutants into the groundwater